NAD(P)H oxidase in the failing human heart.

1. The use of iso-osmolar contrast agents (2). 2. Minimization of the radiocontrast dose employed (3) (e.g., biplane imaging and echocardiography in place of contrast ventriculography). 3. Maximum 4-h fast prior to contrast exposure to prevent salt and water depletion. 4. Cessation of potentially nephrotoxic drugs prior to contrast exposure and reinstitution when renal function has been shown to be stable. 5. Assessment of renal function three days’ postprocedure.